2004 Election

2004 Election Every four years our nation gathers at polling places across the country to elect a president promising a "new" and "better" America. For the months that lead to the election, politicians travel the United States in search of votes and political support from other key officials on the local level. Candidates can spend as much time and energy degrading their opponents as focusing on their own issues. The Presidential election of 2004 has been no exception. The issues and campaigns of President Bush and Senator Kerry been widespread and complicated while their overall goal was the same, to gain the trust of the American people and gain control of the White House for the next four years.The similarities and differences between the two candidates and their respective running mates was apparent long before the campaigns ever began. President Bush was an accomplished scholar of history at Yale and later received an MBA at Harvard in 1975 ( source 1).Headshot of John Kerry with the U.S. fla g in the b...From 1968-1973 he served as a pilot in the Texas Air National Guard ( source 4).The highlight of his political career before becoming president was his time spent as the Governor of Georgia from 1994-2000 (source 1). Vice President Richard Cheney received a college education at the University of Wyoming. With a political campaign spanning several decades Cheney has served as Secretary of Defense, Chief of Staff and has held a seat in the House of Representatives (source 3).Senator Kerry also a graduate of Yale but in the field of Political Science, later attended Boston College graduating in 1976 with a law degree ( source 2). Kerry served in Vietnam earning three purple hearts as well as the silver and bronze stars (source 5). Upon returning he became an anti war activist and spokesperson for Vietnam Veterans Against the...

For Whom the Bell Tolls Essays

For Whom the Bell Tolls Essays For Whom the Bell Tolls Essay For Whom the Bell Tolls Essay Essay Topic: For Whom the Bell Tolls I choose Ernest Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls because I have been curious about what is behind any war and what can be gained from it. I know that nobody wins in a war and no one is righteous.   Recognizing the good or bad people in this situation depends which side you are in. I’m sure this book can give me detailed description of the cruelty of war. The epigraph, seen at the beginning of the story, starts with, â€Å"No man is an island†¦Ã¢â‚¬ I have an idea that it is about the camaraderie and the need for the others in order to survive. The rest of the epigraph is appropriate to the major theme of the story: death. Since it is a war novel, I am certain that death will plague its entirety. I am not yet sure, though, who will die and who will survive since I am able to read only chapters one to seven. In the first chapter, Robert Jordan, an American bomb expert, is sent to Spain to blow up the bridge in behalf of the anti-fascists guerillas. He is assisted by the local guerillas led by Pablo. Ironically, Pablo himself strongly opposes Jordan’s mission. He reasons that blowing up the bridge may put the guerillas’ lives in danger. In the succeeding chapters, Jordan spends his time scouting the bridge and sketching plans on how to destroy it. He becomes friends with the other members of the guerillas, including Pilar, the ugly but strong-willed wife of Pablo. Jordan falls in love with Maria, a single woman who has bitter experience from the fascists. Despite the effort of Jordan to befriend him, Pablo still refuses to cooperate. This causes Pilar to take over as the leader. Jordan and the rebels who support him see Pablo’s defiance as a threat that may jeopardize their mission; thus, Jordan considers of killing the former leader. In the end, though, he decides ag ainst it. Chapters six and seven exploit the growing love between Jordan and Maria. They discover that their ancestors are both Republicans. They become so intimate that Maria does not hesitate to reveal to Jordan that she is a rape victim. They make love afterward. : Work Cited: Hemingway, Ernest. For Whom the Bell Tolls. Simon Schuster Adult Publishing Group (January, 1968).

Social Performance of Organizations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social Performance of Organizations - Assignment Example When Iran nationalized the company’s assets in 1951, the company ventured into conducting explorations in other Middle Eastern countries such as Iraq, Libya and Kuwait and in 1954, it was eventually renamed as the British Petroleum Company. In 1987, the British government sold its last shares in the company at a time when BP’s lackluster performance had caused it to start languishing at the bottom of its sector. However, by 1996, the company had been able to effect a turn around that saw it start performing within the oil and gas top quartile. Currently, BP is considered to be the world’s number 3 public traded integrated oil concern (Juhasz, 2011). It explores for gas and oil in over 30 countries and has an proven reserves that are estimated to stand at 17 billion of barrels of oil. Within the United States, it is regarded as the largest gas and oil producer and a top refiner with its 15 plants that are continuously processing an estimated more than 2 million barrels of crude oil per day. Some of the external factors that can possibly affect the success of the company include political and economic factors. Political factors such as government policy such as the overall degree of intervention in the economy can affect the performance of BP. This might include trading policies and lobbying actives that can serve to either improve the company performance or make it difficult for it to trade within a given country. Economic factors can affect the performance of BP include the national economies of the environment in which company is running its business operations. When a country’s economy is not doing too well, the buying power of its citizens is reduced and this will have the effect of reducing the total sales of BP’s products in the country. Conversely, the company performance in countries with good economies is relatively good due to the fact that the company is able to achieve high levels

Katherine Mansfield Pastiche Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Realistic Fiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Arguments For and Against Minimum Wage in the US

Arguments For and Against Minimum Wage in the US Patrick Tawadros, Corinne Dexter, Mark Hanna, Yuanwen Dong Mediated Speech Outline Minimum Wage I. Introduction In this country, regardless of views and opinions, the controversial topic of minimum wage has resounding effects on workers, businesses, and consumers alike. We will try to parse out the gory details by debating the pros and cons of: increasing the minimum wage. We have done extensive research, as well as worked our fair share of minimum wage jobs giving us the ability to speak confidently on matters related to minimum wage. Its likely most of you have minimum wage jobs giving you something to relate. If you dont work for minimum wage you are probably still a consumer and thus either through wage increases or cost increases the results of this debate will have an impact in your life. There are strong arguments both for and against raising the minimum wage including The potential to improve health, academics, and reduce crime rates. The potential to lead to a spike in unemployment The potential to reduce poverty levels And finally the potential to lower demand How might just a few dollars do all this? Well lets start with the first: health academics and crime. II. Body Pro Argument 1 (PATRICK TAWADROS): Increasing the minimum wage would have positive health effects, improve academics in the overall sense, and reduce crime rates. Increasing minimum wage sustains a healthy population and lowers mortality. In a study done by Rajiv Bhatia, MD, on the California minimum wage, it was found that a higher minimum wage would ultimately allow workers to have enough to eat, be more likely to exercise, and even prevent premature deaths (Bhatia). In another study conducted by Barhii, he concluded that policies that reduce poverty and raise wages of low-income people can be expected to significantly improve overall health and reduce health inequities (Barhii). To add to the added health benefits, increasing minimum wage would increase school attendance, while simultaneously decreasing high school dropout rates. Teens living in poverty are twice as likely to miss 3 or more days of school per month when compared to teens who do not live in poverty (Bhatia). A higher minimum wage would reduce crime. In a study done by the Executive Office of the Presidents Council of Economic Advisors, it was found that by raising minimum wage to $12 by the year 2020 that there would be a three to five percent crime decrease. This is primarily due to the fact that higher wages provide viable and sustainable employment. (Executive Office of the President) In another study conducted at the University of Virginia, it was found that an increase in wages is associated with a reduction in property-related crimes. (Fernandez) Response to pro argument (con) (YUANWEN): At first glance, the increasing of minimum wage would allow people of lower incomes to live a better life. But increasing minimum wages adds many potential threats to the equilibrium of the free market. The net effect of this interference is not necessarily good. To specify, increasing minimum wage will cause higher unemployment rate, and has no significant links to lowering the crimes.. There is few evidence to show that there is a link between the increasing of minimum wages and decreasing of crime rates. According to a study conducted by Boston College in 2013, crime will increase by 1.9 percentage points among 14-30 year-olds as the minimum wage increases.' (Fuller). Due to the higher unemployment rate caused by the increasing of minimum wage, some of the next generation will not be able to afford the education. In 2009, a study by the American Journal of Economics and Sociology discovered that in Maryland, a 25-percent increase in the real minimum wage was associated with a 0.55 percent increase in the dropout rate for Hispanic students. (Crofton, Anderson, and Rawe). Con argument (YUANWEN): On the contrary, increasing the minimum wage would force business to lay off more employees to save budgets and raise the unemployment rates. Sub point 1: Increasing minimum wage will raise the cost of businesses, lower their employment levels, and cause higher unemployment rate. Raising minimum wage will increase the cost of businesses, forcing businesses to lay off more employees. The Congressional Budget Office predicted a $7.25 to $10.10 minimum wage increase could potentially cost 500,000 jobs. (Congressional Budget Office). Increasing minimum wages will lower the willingness of businesses to hire more employers, due to the rise of the cost. There was a survey conducted of 1,213 businesses and human resources professionals and 38% of the employers who payed minimum wage said they would resort to letting go some employees if it was raised to $10.10. Among them 54% said they would decrease hiring levels (Kast). Statistically, comparing to countries that do not have minimum wage policy, countries with minimum wage policy have higher rate of unemployment. In 2014, Steve H. Hanke, Professor of Applied Economics at Johns Hopkins University, conducted a survey of the 21 European Union countries that had a minimum wage and discovered they had an average unemployment rate of about 11.8%, which was a third higher than the 7.9% average in the remaining EU countries with no minimum wage (Hanke). Sub point 2: Increasing minimum wage will put lower-skilled worker at a disadvantage, since the rise of wage exposes those lower-skilled to the same competition with those more skilled. Raising minimum wage will put lower-skilled workers at disadvantages. From an employers point of view, people of lower skills do not justify the rise of minimum wages, but they have no choice but to join the competition with the more skilled, if minimum wages are increased. James Dorn stated that a minimum wage increase by 10% leads to a 1-3% decrease in employment of low-skilled workers in the short term, and to a larger decrease in the long run (Dorn). Increasing minimum wages puts lower-skilled workers at a disadvantages by forcing them to be exposed to the same competition with people who are more skilled. George Reisman stated that if the minimum wage was increased to $10.10, jobs that presently pay $7.25 had to pay $10.10, than workers who previously would not have considered those jobs because of their ability to earn $8, $9, or $10 per hour, will now consider them. The effect is to expose the workers whose skills do not exceed a level corresponding to $7.25 per hour to the competition of better educated, more skilled workers presently able to earn wage rates ranging from just above $7.25 to just below $10.10.' (Reisman). Response to con argument (CORINNE): Despite the claim of a rise in unemployment, studies on past minimum wage hikes have shown little effect on unemployment in both federal mandated and state mandated hikes. Sub point 1: A case study of the fast food industry which compared two states, New Jersey and Pennsylvania after New Jersey increased the minimum wage, and Pennsylvania did not, showed that there is no evidence that the rise in New Jerseys minimum wage reduced employment at fast-food restaurants in the state' (Card, Krueger). The department of labor statistics further contends that in 65 years of federal minimum wage hikes, unemployment rates in the past have generally gone down, or stayed the same after increases in the minimum wage with only one exception in the 70s and that unemployment spike is linked to other causes such as recession and an energy crisis (Real Minimum Wage). History shows that it safe to assume that if anything a higher minimum wage will put more money in peoples pockets to be used for discretionary spending which will stimulate the market or keep it the same, but not increase unemployment. Pro argument (CORINNE): What, hoever, minimum wage increases always do, is reduce poverty and in turn reduce government spending. Sub point 1: Currently, the minimum wage is not enough to live on. The economic policy institute using government sources found that the average cost of living in the U.S., excluding discretionary spending is roughly $50,000 more than what a minimum-wage worker earns (Cooper). As a result many people are either barely making it by, or are below the poverty line entirely and relying on government assistance to do so. In the 2014 Congressional Budget Office report, it showed that increasing the minimum wage to $9 would lift 300,000 people out of poverty, while raising it to $10.10 would bring 900,000 people out of poverty (Congressional Budget Office). Accounting for inflation minimum wage should actually be even higher at $10.52 or more depending on where someone lives implying that poverty rates could shrink even lower with a more aggressive raise (Cooper). Sub point 2: By helping families survive off the the diligent work that they do we are also helping the taxpayer burden. It was reported in 2014 by The Center for American Progress that by raising the minimum wage to $10.10, SNAP spending would decline by $4.6 billion (West, Reich). Likewise The Economic Policy Institute found out that by making the minimum wage to be $10.10, at least 1.7 million Americans would not depend on government assistance programs (Cooper). The wage increase would save $7.6 billion on annual government spending for income-support programs (Cooper). This money could either go back into the pockets of the everyday person or be used for other beneficial programs. Response to pro argument (MARK HANNA): Unfortunately a decrease in government spending for income support programs could lead to unintended negative sideeffects down the road for the poor and unemployed. People who have then been laid off would suffer from reductions in benefits because of congressional budget cuts to programs such as the supplemental nutrition assistance program (SNAP, formerly called food stamps), temporary assistance for needy families (TANF), the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), child-care subsidies, housing vouchers, and Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) due to the benefit rates fading as income rises (Sherk, 2013). Those people still employed would be able to afford more so the need for these programs would diminish and as more people will have to use those defunded programs as unemployment increases, poverty will rise as the budget will not be able to support them (Sherk, 2013). The standard of living will also increase as minimum wage increases. In a study conducted by Purdue Universitys School of Hospitality and Tourism Management, they found that increasing wages to $22 an hour raises consumer prices by 25% (McClure, 2015). Con argument (MARK HANNA): Thus, raising the minimum wage would actually lower demand for market development and products as a result of higher prices, resulting in negative long term outcomes for families and the economy. Studies show that if the minimum wage was to increase from $7.25 an hour to $10.10 an hour, the demand for workers would decrease and many people would get laid off. Meanwhile, those who were not laid off pay 15% more on payroll and income taxes for each additional dollar that is added to the minimum wage (Sherk, 2013). This decrease in demand will have unavoidable negative consequences for unskilled workers and their families in the long run in the form of less opportunity for employment and skill acquisition. Chaplin, Mark, and Andreas (2003) found through a study they conducted that increasing the minimum wage would lower the continuation rate for grades 9-12 in states with dropout ages under 18. Raising the minimum wage will cause demand to fall for what James and Mary Kau (1973) call industrial incentive, which is described as the incentive for industry to progress itself forward. This fall in incentive was documented in a study conducted by Van Sickle (1946), where he found that the south was booming with industrialization for a few decades then plummeted after the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed. The rising costs created by low demand for work would also impede competition, as the cost of production of goods from the south to the north would increase (Kau Kau, 1973). Response to con argument (PATRICK TAWADROS): Long term effects of the minimum wage being increased do not affect educational opportunities for teen workers and do not hurt demand for consumer goods. In an journal article by Warren and Hamrock (2010), they describe how the effects of a minimum wage increase would not impact teen workers who were not already doing poorly academically as others say it may. They claim it would only impact those who would have had a history of failure; who are not engaged in meaningful extracurricular, social or athletic activities in school; and, perhaps most importantly, who are in a position to meaningfully increase their levels of labor market participation (Warren Hamrock, 2010). They continue to state that if the raise would impact a certain educational subset, it would be those students who are competing with adults for jobs and/or who would be dropouts either way (Warren Hamrock, 2010). Minimum wage increases do not impact market development as innovation has always been outrunning minimum wage increases. This is shown in an article published by The Economist (2015), stating that in most developed countries minimum wages rise with income levels, but in America that is not the case, as one would think that in a country with a GDP of $53,000 per person, the minimum wage should be at least $12 an hour, but it is not. Therefore, because it has not kept up with income rises, it cannot be safely said that raising the minimum wage kills innovation. Thus far, what have we learned from our discussion? Lets recap. III. Conclusion: Ultimately, increasing minimum wage could reduce poverty, hence, improving health, academic performance, and decreasing crime rates. However, on the other hand, increasing minimum wage could pressure business to lay off employees and could decrease demand for labor and products. Regardless of perspective, the controversial and divisive topic of minimum wage is a far reaching issue in the United States of America and so it is important to weigh all sides equally to come to a balanced conclusion. Works Cited Patricks Pro Argument Sources Executive Office of the President, Council of Economic Advisors, Economic Perspectives on Incarceration and the Criminal Justice System, whitehouse.gov, Apr. 2016 Fernandez, J., Holman, T., Pepper, J. V. (2014). The Impact of Livingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Wage Ordinances on Urban Crime. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 53(3), 478-500. Rajiv Bhatia, Health Impacts of Raising Californias Minimum Wage, Human Impact Partners website, May 2014 Bay Area Regional Health Inequities Initiative (BARHII) The Minimum Wage and Health: A Bay Area Analysis, barhii.org, Oct. 2014 Warren, J., Hamrock, C. (2010). The Effect of Minimum Wage Rates on High School Completion. Social Forces, 88(3), 1379-1392. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/stable/40645895 The Economist. (2015, May 20). Pay dirt. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/05/minimum-wages Corinnes Pro Sources: Card, D., Krueger, A. B. (2000). Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Reply. American Economic Review,90(5), 1397-1420. doi:10.1257/aer.90.5.1397 Cooper, David. Raising the Federal Minimum Wage to $10.10 Would Save Safety Net Programs Billions and Help Ensure Businesses Are Doing Their Fair Share. Issue brief no. 387. New York: Economic Policy Institute, 2014. Print. Real Minimum Wage Rate vs Unemployment Rates January 1950 to January 2013 [Chart]. (2013.). In Bureau of Labor Statistics . Reich, Michael, and Rachel West. The Effects of Minimum Wages on Food Stamp Enrollment and Expenditures. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 54.4 (2015): 668-94. Web. The Effects of Minimum-Wage Increase on Employment and Family Income. Rep. no. 4856. N.p.: Congressional Budget Office, 2014. Print. Yuanwens Con Sources: Congressional Budget Office, The Effects of Minimum-Wage Increase on Employment and Family Income, cbo.gov, Feb. 2014 Kast, S., New Express Employment Professionals Survey of Employers Shows 38% of Those Who Pay Minimum Wage Will Lay Off Workers If Wage Is Hiked, prweb.com, Mar. 19, 2014 Hanke, S.H., Let the Data Speak: The Truth Behind Minimum Wage Laws, Cato Institute website, Apr. 2014 Dorn, J., The Minimum Wage Delusion, and the Death of Common Sense, Forbes, May 7, 2013 Reisman, G., How Minimum Wage Laws Increase Poverty, Mises Institute website, Apr. 4, 2014 Crofton, S.O., Anderson, W.L., Rawe, E.C., Do Higher Real Minimum Wages Lead to More High School Dropouts? Evidence from Maryland across Races, 1993-2004, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Apr. 2009 Fuller, D., Multilevel Study Finds No Link Between Minimum Wage and Crime Rates, uc.edu, Nov 18, 2013 Marks Con Sources Sherk, J. (2013, June 25). What is Minimum Wage: Its History and Effects on the Economy. Retrieved from http://www2.heritage.org/research/testimony/2013/06/what-is-minimum-wage-its-history-and-effects-on-the-economy Chaplin, D. D., Turner, M. D., Pape, A. D. (2003). Minimum wages and school enrollment of teenagers: a look at the 1990s. Economics of Education Review, 22(1), 11-21. Van Sickle, John, Geographical Aspects of a Minimum Wage, Harvard Business Review, XXIV (Spring 1946), 288. Kau, J., Mary L. Kau. (1973). Social Policy Implications of the Minimum Wage Law. Policy Sciences, 4(1), 21-27. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/stable/4531512 McClure, G. (2015, July 27). Study: Raising wages to $15 an hour for limited-service restaurant employees would raise prices 4.3 percent. Retrieved from http://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2015/Q3/study-raising-wages-to-15-an-hour-for-limited-service-restaurant-employees-would-raise-prices-4.3-percent.html

The Yellow Wall Paper -- essays research papers

Stettler   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hour 5   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2/15/00   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Modern Lit. Essay #1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early twentieth century a writers work usually represented ones surroundings. In the stories â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charolotte Gilman there are examples of their immediate surroundings taking affect in there writings. In most cases a person becomes what there surroundings are because that was the way they were raised. A person’s family, friends, neighborhood and every day things will shape and mold ones morals and character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the narrator is also the author. Charolotte Gilman writes about her struggle with insanity. The story takes place in a house in the countryside. Johns plan was to get his wife away from all the hust...

Bio 30 4th Exam Reviewer

BIO 30 4TH EXAM REVIEWER Merlyn S. Mendioro Delayed and Extra-chromosomal Inheritance 1. ) Genetic factors that are located outside the chromosome: plasmagenes, plasmons, cytogens, plasmids. 2. ) Plasmid inheritance implies: perpetuation through DNA Replication. 3. ) Killer gene particulate material in Paramecium aurelia: kappa 4. ) Mirabilis jalapa shows extrachromosomal inheritance in the ___________. When a pale male parent is crossed with a green female the result usually is __________. : chloroplast, green 5. Hereditary mitochondrial diseases are transmitted only through the ____________ line since ______________ can hardly contain mitochondria. : maternal, spermatozoa 6. ) Gradual loss of the ability to control eye movement: Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia 7. ) Occurs during childhood characterized by a combination of anemia, reduction of all blood cells, dysfunction of the pancreas, liver and kidneys: Pearson Syndrome 8. ) Cytoplasmic nuclear male sterility: 9. ) Mothers transmit virus-like particles called sigma. What is this? Infective Heredity 10. Extrachromosomal particles/plasmids free of the host organism or integral of the organism chromosome that are infective. For example E. Coli’s fertility trait. Episomes 11. ) What are the different criteria for extrachromosomal inheritance? : Difference in reciprocal cross results, Maternal Inheritance, Non-mappability, Non-segregation, Non-Mendelian Segregation, Indifference to nuclear substitution, Infection-like transmission 11a. ) Difference in reciprocal crosses – if the normal cross is equal to the reciprocal cross Maternal inheritance – if the traits are mainly from the mothers because of the cytoplasm contributed.Non-mappability – the extra-chromosomal gene cannot be mapped. Non-segregation – failure to show segregation merits extrachromosomal heredity Non-Mendelian Segregation – does not follow Mendelian proportions. Indifference to nuclear substitution – when characteristic persists in presence of nuclear transmission. Extrachromosomal inheritance comes into play. Infection-like transmission – transmitted without nuclear transmission, IT IS Extrachromosomal. Quantitative Genetics 1. ) A quantitative trait is _________.Quantitative effects are __________ if they can be added to produce phenotypes, the sum total of the negative and positive effects of individual ____________: polygenic, additive, polygenes 2. ) The several basic assumptions for polygene hypothesis: Gene determining quantitative traits = Gene determining qualitative traits only that the former has NO INDIVIDUALLY RECOGNIZED PHENOTYPIC EFFECT Series of genes independent of one another governs a quantitative trait Genes have cumulative effect Dominance is ordinarily absent The F1 appears intermediate of the parentsThere is an appreciable influence of the environment on the expression of the trait The only adequate system of classification is through meas urement of the trait 3. ) Contributory effect per allele = large phenotype-smallest phenotype2n 4. ) Finding the frequency of each combination: Use binomial distribution or Pascal Triangle 5. ) (a+b)2n , where n is the number of gene pairs, 2n is the number of alleles. 6. ) Problem Solving I: The gene AA controls for the phenotype of length of corn. Three genes are responsible for the length of corn.The longest measurement of corn in a sample of 1000 is 130cm while the shortest is 24 cm. Find all the possible progenies of the parent corn and their respective measurements. Include their frequencies. 130 cm – 24 cm = 106 cm 106cm / 6 alleles = 17. 67 cm per allele Gene| aaaaaa| Aaaaaa| AAaaaa| AAAaaa| AAAAaa| AAAAAa| AAAAAA| Length| 24cm| 41. 67cm| 59. 34cm| 77. 01cm| 94. 68cm| 112. 35cm| 130. 02cm| Frequency| 1/64| 6/64| 15/64| 20/64| 15/64| 6/64| 1/64| 7. ) Finding the gene pairs: 8. ) The tendency of the offspring of extreme parents to deviate from the mean by a lesser amoun t than their parents.Regression 9. ) There will be no regression if there is no dominance, no epistasis, and no environmental effects. True 10. ) Number of facets in Bar-eyed Drosophila is a gene effect specifically? Multiplying effects 11. ) The measure of resemblance between relatives is called? Heritability 12. ) Why is heritability in the narrow sense important to plant breeders? Because it indicates that the selection of parents bearing particular measurements that are favorable will produce offspring of similar phenotype. They want favorable traits to be passed on to the next generation as intact. 3. ) Why is heritability in the broad sense important to human geneticists? Because they want to know how much an individual’s phenotype is affected by his genotype. They want to assess the relative influence of the genotype and environmental factors. Population Genetics 1. ) It studies the genetic constitution of populations and how this genetic constitution changes from gene ration to generation. Population Genetics 2. ) A community of sexually interbreeding or potentially interbreeding individuals sharing a common gene pool. Population 3. Refer to the proportions of the different alleles of a gene in a population. Gene frequencies. 4. ) The sum total of genes in the reproductive gametes of all the individuals in a population. Gene Pool 5. ) The formulators of the Hardy Weinberg are: Godfrey Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg 6. ) State the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: The frequency of the dominant and recessive alleles remained constant at whatever value applied to the previous generation. 7. ) State the factors that disrupt the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: Mutation, Selection, Migration, Genetic Drift 8. Mutation occurs only in one direction, False 9. ) What are the three basic kinds of selective effects? Stabilizing Selection – tends to eliminate the phenotypic extremes Directional Selection – one of the extremes in the phenotypic range becomes m ost fit and thus it is preserved. Disruptive Selection – Both extremes of the phenotypic range are selected for. 10. ) Selection is both a long term and a short term process. True 11. ) The reproductive success of one phenotype as opposed to alternative phenotypes. Fitness 12. ) The force acting upon a phenotype to reduce its fitness or adaptive value.Selection Pressure. 13. ) Selection against a genotype may occur either in gametes or in zygotes. True 14. ) In this selection, there is no difference between the dominant and the recessive alleles since both genotypes are phenotypically expressed. Gametic Selection 15. ) In this selection, three possible genotypes for a single gene difference are observed. Zygotic Selection. 16. ) A situation where two or more forms of a population coexist in the same habitat in such a proportion that even the least frequent form could not have been due to mutation.Balanced Polymorphism 17. ) A type of assortative (non-random) mating where mate s are more closely related to each other. Inbreeding 18. ) This is where inbreeding brings out deleterious recessive genes that were previously concealed by their dominant alleles. Inbreeding Depression 18a. ) Sample Question: Why is human mating in relatives forbidden by law? Because of deleterious recessive infirmities. There is a large chance for a concealed gene say lethal gene to be expressed when you breed with a relative rather than random mating individuals. 19. The effects of inbreeding depression can be reversed by? Hybridization 20. ) Hybrids show marked increase in fitness: increased size, fertility etc. This is called as? Hybrid Vigor/Heterosis. 21. ) When there is migration, two factors are important to the recipient population. What are they? The difference in gene frequencies between two populations and the proportion of migrant genes that are incorporated each generation are the two factors. 22. ) A non-directional force that changes gene frequency in an unpredictab le rate from generation to generation. Genetic Drift 23. The number of parents in the population which is important in determining genetic drift. Effective Population Size 24. ) Severe reduction in population size due to a deleterious, external event. Bottleneck 25. ) A small part of the population moves to an uninhabited area. Founder’s Effect. 26. ) Defined as populations of organisms that differ in the relative frequency of some genes or genetically distinct populations of the same species. Races 27. ) Defined as a group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. Species 28. In separate groups (Allopatric) or within an area of overlap (Sympatric), speciation can take place by chance. 29. ) Prevent the formation of hybrid zygotes. These include ecological, temporal, behavioral, mechanical and gametic isolation. Prezygotic barriers. 30. ) Consequences of genetic incompatibilities or nuclear-cytoplasmic irregularities. Postzy gotic Barriers. 31. ) 5 Types of Isolation (Pre-Zygotic Barrier): Habitat Isolation, Temporal Isolation, Behavioral Isolation, Mechanical Isolation, Gametic Isolation. Habitat Isolation – organism, isolated from others by habitat.Temporal Isolation – organism, is not in right time for reproduction. The mates are only reproducing in other timeframes. Behavioral Isolation – Sexual attraction is weak or absent between sexes. Mechanical Isolation – Pollen, gametic transfer is rendered physically impossible because of differences in size or structure of the reproductive organs. Gametic Isolation – The male and female gametes fail to fuse or the spermatozoa or pollen are inviable. 32. ) 3 Kinds of Post-Zygotic Barriers. Hybrid Inviability – hybrid zygotes fail to develop, or fail to reach sexual maturity.Hybrid Sterility – hybrids fail to produce functional gametes. Hybrid Breakdown – The viability or fertility of the hybrids is grea tly reduced. 33. ) Speciation that is faster which are due to chromosomal changes. Rapid Speciation Human Genetics 1. ) The affected individual through whom the pedigree is discussed. Proband 2. ) 22II + XX/XY + I21/Trisomy 21 Down’s Syndrome 3. ) 22II + XX/XY + I16,17,or18, or Trisomy in either 16, 17, 18th chromosome. E Trisomy 4. ) 22II + XX/XY + I13,14,or15 or Trisomy in either 13, 14, 15th chromosome. D Trisomy 5. ) Sex chromosome Aneuploid. 22II + XO. 9% of affected fetuses die before birth. Sexually Infantile. Turner’s Syndrome 6. ) 22II + XXY. Mental Retardation, Rambling talkativeness, dependent, submissive, rudimentary testes. Klinefelter’s Syndrome 7. ) 22II + XXX. Tallness, menstrual irregularities, Subnormal Mental Abilities. Triplo X Syndrome 8. ) 22II + XYY. Violent Behavior. Acne. Speech and Reading Problems. Jacob Syndrome 9. ) 22II + Xy. Has both ovary and testes. Mentally retarded. Has congenital anomalies. Hermaphrotidism 10. ) 5p-. Deletion on the terminal end of the 5th Chromosome. Small Epiglottis.Cat-like cry. Cri-du-chat Syndrome 11. ) No dystrophin synthesized. Deletion of a small segment in X chromosome. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 12. ) Lesser dystrophin synthesized. Becker Muscular Dystrophy 13. ) Reciprocal translation of chromosomes 2 and 20. Alagille Syndrome. 14. ) Translocation involving chromosomes 9 and 22 resulting in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Philadelphia chromosomes. 15. ) Genes that convert normal cells into cancer cells. Oncogenes 16. ) Accumulation of galactose in blood. Consequences include muscle weakness, mental retardation, and liver disease.Galactosemia. 17. ) Resistance to malaria but has severe hemolytic anemia. Favism/Primaquine Sensitivity. 18. ) PKU stands for. Phenylketonuria. 19. ) Normal hemoglobin A is replaced by abnormal hemoglobin S. Substitution of amino acid valine for glutamic acid. Sickle Cell Anemia. 20. ) Persistence of fetal hemoglobin. Too few beta globin chains. Thalas semia. 21. ) Caused by a deletion of a single amino acid of the CFTR. Lung infection. Pancreatic insufficiency. Cystic Fibrosis. 22. ) Predisposition to allergy was found out in a single dominant gene in the long arm of? Chromosome 11 23. Loss of ability to organize thoughts. Was found out to have a heritability of 80%. A normal person can have this by living with someone who has this. Schizophrenia 24. ) 2 Common Eating Disorders. Anorexia Nervosa/Bulimia Nervosa 25. ) Eating disorder where males see themselves as too small and they take more amino acid. Bigorexia/Muscle Dysmorphia. 26. ) Has a high heritability of 40-60%. Gene for dopamine contributes to this too. Drug Addiction 27. ) Environmental effect on IQ declines as an individual advances in age. The heritability of an adult IQ is 80%. True 28. The candidate gene for intelligence. N-CAM (Neural Cellular Adhesion Molecule) 29. ) The candidate chromosome for intelligence. 4 30. ) Republic Act No. 9288. Newborn Screening Act 3 1. ) Disorders included in Newborn Screening: Congenital Hyperthyroidism Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Galactosemia Phenylketonuria Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 1. ) Steps in Recombinant DNA Technology. Restriction Endonuclease/DNA Ligase Cloning Vehicle/Vector Functional Host Multiplication of Recipient Cells. 2. ) Initial success of Recombinant DNA Technology.Insulin in E. Coli 3. ) HUGO stands for. Human Genome Mapping Organization 4. ) The technique of DNA fingerprinting involves the use of. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms 5. ) DNA Markers Useful in Genome Mapping RFLP Tandem Nucleotide Repeat Markers Polymerase Chain Reaction Based Marker Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Single Nucleotide Polymorphism 6. ) Executive Order 514 series of 2006 established? National Biosafety Framework 7. ) NCBP stands for. National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines. Bonus Questions on Human Geneti cs . ) People with urine that smells like Maple Syrup. Maple Syrup Urine Disease 2. ) Have formation of plaque on the inner wall of coronary arteries. Angina. Arrythmia. Heart Failure. Shortness of Breath. Coronary Heart Disease 3. ) Manifested absence of polyuria, normal/slightly decreased concentrating urine ability. Autosomal Recessive. Gitelman’s Syndrome 4. ) Microcephally. Synephrys. Thick Eyelashes. Short Upturned nose. Downturned lips. 1 to 10,000 to 30,000. Cornelia de Lange Syndrome 5. ) Neurodevelopmental disorder that affects girls exclusively. Has 4 stages.Last stage is scoliosis and the loss of walking ability. Rett Syndrome 6. ) Experience accumulation of glycogen that leads to progressive weakness of the muscles. Ventilator dependence. Pompe Disease 7. ) Mean age of 36. Mean survival after diagnosis is 2. 8 years. Dyspnea. Fatigue. Syncope. Chest Pain. Edema. Familial Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (FPAH) 8. ) Has a multifactorial inheritance pattern. Chronic disease characterized by recurrent attack of breathlessness and wheezing. Allergic and Respiratory Asthma 9. ) Excessive Hunger. Excessive thirst. Frequent Urination. Weight Loss.Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 10. ) Nearsightedness or shortsightedness. Myopia 11. ) Autoimmune disease that can affect any part of the body. It is caused by the malfunction of the immune system. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) 12. ) Bloating. Stomach Cramps. Flatulence. Slight Nausea. Diarrhea upon intake of lactose. Lactose Intolerance 13. ) Neurodegenerative disease that commonly affects people over the age of 60. Parkinson’s Disorder 14. ) Sporadic, non-contagious multifactorial disease in which progressive, patchy or loss of pigmentation of skin, overlying hair, and often mucous membranes.Vitiligo 15. ) Congenital Paresis (Paralysis of the Face). Inability to suck. Excessive Drooling. Moebius Syndrome 16. ) Small head circumference, high pitched cry, seizures increased. Microcephally 17. ) Avera ge intelligence. Speaking in monotone. Develop intense interest in a particular subject. Asperger Syndrome 18. ) Generalized blistering and mucosal involvement present at birth. Non Herlitz Junctional Epidemolysis Bullosa 19. ) Manifestations of bone fracture, without known trauma, bone deformity and blue sclera. Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Bien entendu - French Expression

Bien entendu - French Expression Expression: Bien entendu Pronunciation: [by(eh) na(n) ta(n) doo] Meaning: of course, obviously Literal translation: well understood Register: formal Notes The French expression bien entendu is a polite way of saying of course, when that is the expected response to a question or request.   Ã‚  Ã‚   -Avez-vous lu le rapport ?   Ã‚  Ã‚  -Bien entendu !   Ã‚  Ã‚  -Did you read the report?   Ã‚  Ã‚  -Of course!   Ã‚  Ã‚   -Pourriez-vous maider porter les valises  ?   Ã‚  Ã‚  -Bien entendu, monsieur.   Ã‚  Ã‚  -Could you help me carry the suitcases?   Ã‚  Ã‚  -Of course, sir. Bien entendu can also be used within a statement in reference to something obvious or expected:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Il faut que nous travaillions ensemble, bien entendu.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Obviously, we need to work together.   Ã‚  Ã‚   lexception, bien entendu, des enfants.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Except for the children, of course.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Bien entendu, il est parti tà ´t.   Ã‚  Ã‚  He left early, of course. Bien entendu cannot be modifed with que oui or que non, which makes it less flexible than its less formal synonym bien sà »r. Bien entendu (or just entendu) can also mean agreed, understood:   Ã‚  Ã‚   -Je ne veux pas parler de ces questions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  -Bien entendu.   Ã‚  Ã‚  -I dont want to talk about those issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  -Understood.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Voil, cest (bien) entendu ?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Thats it, understood? ... agreed? Il est bien entendu que subordinate clause means of course its understood / it must be understood that....   Ã‚  Ã‚   Il est bien entendu que vous travaillerez tout seul.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Of course its understood (of course you understand) that youll be working alone.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Il est bien entendu que laccà ¨s mon bureau est interdit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  It must be understood that my office is off-limits. Attention: Bien entendu is not always a set expression; it can also be the adverb bien modifying the past participle of the verb entendre (to hear, understand) or sentendre (to get along).   Ã‚  Ã‚   Est-ce que je vous ai bien entendu ?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Did I hear you correctly?   Ã‚  Ã‚   Il sest bien entendu avec les autres enfants.   Ã‚  Ã‚  He got along well with the other children. More Expressions with bienConjugations for entendreSynonyms for ouiMost common French phrases

For Environmental Balance, Pick Up a Rifle Essay Essays

For Environmental Balance, Pick Up a Rifle Essay Essays For Environmental Balance, Pick Up a Rifle Essay Essay For Environmental Balance, Pick Up a Rifle Essay Essay In the article â€Å"For Environmental Balance. Pick up a Rifle† by Nicholas Kristof. the writer informs the reader about the importance of runing. reasoning that runing demands to be brought back in the United States to command the cervid population. He talks about the negative impact cervid have caused in decease of people by auto accidents and with the devastation of the ecosystem with their overpopulation. The bulk of cervid have had a deeply unnatural consequence in certain parts of New York and New Jersey. Kristof notes that these yearss many people view runing as a cruel and brutal and are choosing for other methods for cervid control due to their understanding for cervid. He states that it is a waste of clip and money for progressives and conservativists to be utilizing birth control and rubbers ; to forestall gestation to the cervid. With the diminution in runing patterns in North America. farther environmental instability continues. which makes runing an ecological n ecessity. If runing were to increase in the coming old ages. persons would be able to take part in the out-of-doorss and enjoy nature. However. Kristof is an undependable beginning in the cognition of animate being control and uses uneffective persuasion on this controversial subject. : When it comes to experts on animate being control. conservationists spend an excruciating sum of clip analyzing animate beings that have had a habitat intervention with the ecosystem. Nicholas Kristof is non a dependable beginning of information ; he has based his article off of an outsider’s point of position. While a column piece points out issues associated within our society. Kristof has yet to hold the appropriate background and information to back up his claim. Turning up on a farm in Oregon. analyzing jurisprudence. and working as a editorialist in The New York Times. gives some penetration as to why Kristof wrote the article in the first topographic point. This is because his audience includes a broad scope of people ; from extremely educated to barely any instruction. He is composing in a metropolis where hunting is a foreign construct. which leads Kristof to composing a commentary piece that relates to other subjects persons know about instead than the information of the cervid in general. For illustration. he states â€Å"It’s still true that in a typical twelvemonth. an American is less likely to be killed by Osama bin Laden than by Bambi† giving the reader irrelevant stuff that has nil to make with the subject of cervid control. The writer frequently states statistics that are in his favour. so his point is substantiated. In an article. â€Å"Journal of Wildlife Management† by Clinton Faas negotiations about how people generalize all cervid as something harmful without sing the different types of cervid. Not many people know about the axis and white-tailed cervid that have had a negative impact throughout the environment. While in the article Kristof’s states that â€Å"The New Jersey Audubon Society this twelvemonth advocated cervid hunting as an ecological necessity. † ( Kristof. 13 ) Yet while researching the Audubon Society it states that the white-tail cervid made resources scarce in the ecosystem and it shows no mark of fall backing to the construct of runing. Nicholas Kristof takes the word cervid throughout his article and made an premise that all cervid are harmful to society. The thought that runing cervid should be encouraged for the benefit of society and that it connects people with nature is unusually abhorrent in Nicholas Kristof’s â€Å"For the Environmenta l Balance. Pick up a Rifle. † Many carnal militants. such as the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) would hold that animate beings are non ours to utilize for nutrient. vesture. experimentation. or amusement. The ground that it is of import to handle other populating things with self-respect and regard is because they have the capacity to endure as people do. We are told that it is incorrect to ache other people. physically and mentally. Although in the article Kristof becomes indulged in the fact that animate beings are the job in society and should be put down for it. For case he quotes â€Å"So it’s clip to restore a balance in the natural universe. by accepting the thought that runing is every bit natural as bird observation. † ( Kristof. 18 ) Yet the bulk of the environments issues are caused by human actions. For illustration. misguided building. irrigation and excavation can disfigure the natural landscape and interrupt of import ecological procedures. Aggressive fishing and hunting can consume full stocks of species. Human migration can present foreign rivals to native nutrient ironss. While reading Nicholas Kristof’s article. I analyzed and exposed the undepe ndable information he provided. He stated statics that were obscure and broad. misleading the reader with irrelevant facts on other subjects. and did non hold the appropriate background to be considered an expert on the job of animate being control. Overall. hunting is non the manner to command the cervid population nor has the writer convinced his reader.

Small business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Small business management - Essay Example Similarly, Clippy was a small venture, so utilizing media, which is effective yet cost effective was the motto of the owner. This is what exactly what Calypso Rose did. She utilized the power of social media channels and online marketing for not only advertising her products but selling them too. Clippy generate majority of its sales through its website or e-store (Clippykit Ltd., 2013). The website of the store has been built on Web 2.0 platform, which is quite interactive and allows the customers to browse through different products that the company is offering. The website gives a casual feel to the customers, so that customers can not only shop online, but also express their feedback through blogs, read about the owner’s journey to set up Clippy and know about the products that are offering available on discount (IOWA State University, 2013). Apart from this, Clippy has utilised Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, twitter and other social media channels to inspire people to cu stomise their own Clippy bags and get to use personalised products (Clippykit Ltd., 2013). The traditional media was all about delivering message to the customers, which were accomplished through radio, print or television. However, traditional media marketing was one-sided communication. If ClippyKit availed the traditional media vehicles, then it would have to spare extra funds for promotion of its products. Moreover, knowing the customers’ demand and their feedback regarding different products would not be known because the communication would be one-way. However, ClippyKit has utilised Facebook, Instagram to post the photos of its products, welcome other’s designs and interact with customers. This has assisted ClippyKit to venture into the sales of other products such as, Christmas cakes, gifts, accessories, school stuffs for kids, etc apart from see through bags (Hirschkorn, 2009). After analysing Clippy’s experience of utilising new media for its promotion , the focus of this essay would shift towards discussing whether the media strategies used by ClippyKit is typically what small businesses utilise or was it different from that. The suggestion that every marketing consulting firm have to offer for the rising entrepreneurs and small businesses is that the most cost effective way to promote their business, increase profitability and gather customers’ feedback is social media channels. The new media is the ultimate channel, which utilised by not only small businesses, but bigger companies too. For a small business firm, it is difficult to bring out a handsome sum of fund for extensive promotion in audio visual or print media. They see social media to be the most cost effective mode of promotion. Secondly, the reach of social media and other web-based media channel is higher to the customers nowadays, than even print or audio video media, so it is typically the first choice for almost every start-up business firms irrespective of country (Hirschkorn, 2009). The entrepreneurs can simply click the picture of their products themselves and post it on Facebook or other social media channel for branding. Posting photos on social media sites makes it easier for customers to know about the products and the process of sales becomes a lot easier. This is one of the key reasons behind the success of small start-up firms. The major function of media is

The knowledge level and attitudes of pregnant women in passing on Research Paper

The knowledge level and attitudes of pregnant women in passing on sickle cell disease - Research Paper Example The paper tells that sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disease where the body makes sickle-shaped red blood cells containing abnormal hemoglobin. Sickle cells are stiff and sticky and tend to block blood flow in the blood vessels of the limbs and organs. Blocked blood flow causes serious infections, pain, and organ damage. Patients are born with it. People who inherit a normal gene from one of the parent and sickle hemoglobin gene from the other parent exhibit a sickle cell trait. People with a sickle cell trait do not have Sickle cell anemia but have one gene that causes the disease. Approximately 2,500 people have sickle cell anaemia. This disease is now prevalent among pregnant women. A study on sickle cell anaemia in pregnant women is very significant for it will impart knowledge on this condition in relation to the woman’s and the in-born child’s health. However, the study is challenging as people have very little knowledge on this disease. The study seeks t he relevance between the level of knowledge and the attitudes of pregnant women with the sickle cell trait from the Mississippi Delta and the sickle cell disease. To achieve this, the researcher will rely on an interview done in Mississippi Delta on Africa-American pregnant women and other relevant literature. Age, marital status, economic status, occupation, and level of education are some of the demographic variables the researcher used. According to the interview, only 20% of the respondents have enough knowledge about the sickle cell trait. ... This implies that there is very little knowledge on the sickle cell trait hence the increased spread of sickle cell anaemia from pregnant women to their inborn children. Contents Contents 4 Background 6 Problem Statement 7 Purpose 8 Research Questions 8 Philosophical Basis 8 Definitions 10 Summary 11 Introduction 12 Concept Development 14 Major Related Studies 15 Summary 17 Study Design 19 Sample 19 Inclusion criteria 19 Interviews 20 Data Collection Plan 20 Ethical Considerations 21 Data Analysis Plan 22 Stage 1 22 Stage 2 22 Stage 3 22 Stage 4 23 Stage 5 23 Stage 6 23 Stage 7 23 Strategies for Rigor and Validity 24 Summary 25 REFERENCES 26 Introduction 32 Demographics of the Sample 32 Major Themes 33 Summary 35 Introduction 37 Limitations 39 Summary 41 REFERENCES 43 DEMOGRAPHIC TOOL 44 INTERVIEW QUESTIONS 46 CONSENT FOR PARTICIPATION IN RESEARCH STUDY 47 ASSENT TO PARTICIPATE IN RESEARCH STUDY 49 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background Sickle cell disease is a disorder of the blood that is genetic in nature. Defective hemoglobin molecules that aggregate to form sickle-shaped, elongated, and inflexible rod-like structures that are unable to pass through small blood vessels (Papadakis et al, 2006) characterize it. As they are unable to pass through these small vessels, these sickle-shaped cells pile up together leading to blockages and starving tissues and organs of oxygenated blood. This results in regular periods of pain and is associated with damage to important body organs and tissues and can cause serious medical problems. Blockage may cause problems such as vaso-occlusive, hemolytic, splenic sequestration, and aplastic crises. Other medical conditions that may result include infections, stroke, priapism,